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臨床心理學在頭部外傷扮演的角色 職治系 楊啟正 助理教授 頭部外傷 ( Traumatic Brain Injury, TBI ) 為台灣社會極大的公共衛生問題。雖然國內頭部外傷的死亡率,在 1997 年「機車騎士必須配戴安全帽」的政策制定後,有明顯減少的趨勢[1]。然而,臨床上卻反而見到明顯增多的輕中度頭部創傷患者。事實上,無論國內外研究[2~5] 皆已證實此臨床觀察結果,一方面發現高達 77 至 90% 的頭部外傷患者,屬於輕微的嚴重程度;另一方面亦指出,受傷患者雖然已無生命危險,但卻留下許多未能妥善解決的症狀[6~8]。 過去研究進一步發現,頭部外傷所造成的症狀不僅限於身體功能,也極易造成認知功能障礙、情緒行為異常等後遺症[9~11]。麻煩的是,上述這些後遺症若沒有經過適當地診斷與復建治療,常會使得患者的 癒後狀況更加惡化,例如:職業功能與家庭關係等不良影響[12~14];甚而加重整體社會的經濟負擔[9][15][16]。因此,對於頭部外傷患者的治療,除了需醫師處理生理症狀與身體功能的部分外,臨床神經心理學者(臨床心理師)對於認知功能、情緒與行為障礙的處理,扮演重要的角色。 臨床神經心理學者(臨床心理師)對於頭部外傷患者的處預 ( Intervention ) ,可藉由二個層次來探討。首先,在治療與復健方面,臨床神經心理學者,利用本身具備心理治療與神經心理復健(訓練)的雙重背景知識,對於中重度頭部外傷患者,提供適當的治療與復健。主要的治療目標放在「協助患者改善生活困擾」。依據此目的,臨床神經心理學者(臨床心理師),先以完整且深入的神經心理評估,瞭解患者的認知功能與情緒行為缺損[17];爾後進一步分析該缺損造成患者在生活功能上的障礙。藉由上述的鑑 定過程,針對特定的認知功能或情緒行為困擾,排定適當的復健計劃。 在預防性處預方面,臨床神經心理學者協助輕度頭部外傷患者,面對與處理生活上的不適與困擾。主要的處預目標為「預防持續性症狀的出現」。事實上,將近 90% 的輕度頭部外傷患者會有良好的恢復情況。也因如此,「如何避免臨床上這類病人成為那 10% 的少數悲情患者[18][19]」,則是處預 的主要方向。原則上,臨床神經心理學者會在輕度頭部外傷的急性期(受傷後兩星期以內),即提供患者關於受傷的相關資訊[20~22],以及腦震盪後症狀[23]的病程始末。接下來則針對特定的腦震盪後症狀,例如:頭痛、記憶力差等,提供有效的行為改變技術與自我訓練方法。隨著症狀慢慢改善,一方面患者可以證實臨床心理師所提供的準確資訊,對於症狀的恢復自然會更有信心;另一方面,也學會自我幫助的技巧,使得未來面對類似症狀時,亦具備解決 的能力。 由此可知,臨床神經心理學者(臨床心理師),可提供頭部外傷患者多面向的臨床服務。從衡鑑、諮詢衛教、治療、乃至於訓練計劃的執行,臨床心理師皆可藉由本身的專業知識與技能,協助患者改善生活上可能遇到的困擾與障礙。有鑑於此,臨床神經心理學者(臨床心理師),絕對是照顧頭部外傷患者的醫療團隊中不可或缺的成員。 參考文獻 [1] Chiu, W.T., Kuo, C.Y., Hung, C.C., & Chen, M. (2000). The effect of the Taiwan motorcycle helmet use law on head injuries. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 793-796. [2] Lee, L.C., Shih, Y.H., Chiu, W.T. (1992). Epidemiological study of head injuries in Taipei city. Chinese Medical Journal, 50, 219-225. [3] Chi, H.T., & Chiu, W.T. (2005). The classification and medical resources utilization of mild head injury in Taipei city. Taipei: Taipei Medical University, Institute of Injury Prevention and Control. [4] Kraus J., McArthur D., Silverman T., et al. (1996). Epidemiology of brain injury. In: R. Narayan, J. Wilberger, J. Povlishock (Eds), Neurotrauma (pp. 16-30). New York: McGraw-Hill. [5] Thornhill, S., Teasdale G., Murray G., et al. (2000). Disability in young people and adults one year after head injury: prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 320, 1631-1635. [6] Granacher, Jr., R.P. (2003). Neuropsychiatric and psychiatric syndromes following traumatic brain injury. In R.P. Granacher Jr. (Eds.), Traumatic brain injury. Methods for clinical and forensic neuropsychiatric assessment (pp. 25-56). Florida: The CRC Press. [7] Lezak M.D., Howieson, D.B., & Loring, D.W. (2004). Executive functions and motor performance. In M.D., Lezak, D.B., Howieson, & D.W., Loring (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessment (pp. 611-646). New York: Oxford University Press. [8] Jorge, R.E. (2005). Neuropsychiatric consequences of traumatic brain injury: A review of recent findings. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 289-299. [9] Boake, C., McCauley, S.R., Pedroza, C., et al. (2005). Lost productive work time after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury with and without hospitalization. Neurosurgery, 56, 994-1003. [10] Eslinger, P.J., Zappala, G., Chakara, F., Barrett, A.M. (2007). Cognitive impairments after TBI. In N.D., Zasler, D.I., Katz, & R.D., Zafonte (Eds.), Brain injury medicine. Principles and practice (pp. 779-790). New York: Demo Medical Publishing. [11] Yang, C.C., Huang, S.J., & Hua, M.S. (2005). The neurobehavioral disturbances of traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Psychology, 2, 49-63. [12] Fortin, S., Godbout, L., & Braun, C.M.J. (2003). Cognitive structure of executive deficits in frontally lesioned head trauma patients performing activities of daily living. Cortex, 39, 273-291. [13] Prigatano, G.P. (1991). Disturbances of self-awareness of deficit after traumatic brain injury. In G.P., Prigatano, & D.L., Schacter (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury. Clinical and theoretical issues (pp. 111-126). New York: Oxford University Press. [14] Powell, J.M., Machamer, J.E., Temkin, N.R., & Dikmen, S.S. (2001). Self-report of extent of recovery and barriers to recovery after traumatic injury: A longitudinal study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82, 1025-1030. [15] Fife, D. (1987). Head injury with and without hospital admission: Comparison of incidence and short-term disability. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 810-812. [16] Max, W., MacKenzie, E.J., & Rice, D.P. (1991). Head injuries: Costs and consequences. Journal of the Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 6, 76-91. [17] Yang, C.C., Wang, W.H., Huang, S.J., & Hua, M.S. (2006). Neurocognitive deficits in Taiwanese patients with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Psychology, 3, 68-75. [18] Ruff, R.M., Camenzuli, L., & Mueller, J. (1996). Miserable minority: emotional risk factor that influence the outcome of a mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 10, 551-565. [19] Ruff, R.M. (2005). Two decades of advances in understanding of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 20, 5-18. [20] Yang, C.C., Tu, Y.K., Hua, M.S., Huang, S.J. (2007). The association between the postconcussion symptoms and clinical outcomes for patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Trauma, 62, 657-663. [21] Yang, C.C., Hua, M.S., Tu, Y.K., Huang, S.J. (2009). Early clinical characteristics of patients with persistent post-concussion symptoms: A prospective study. Brain Injury, 23, 209-306. [22] Huang, S.J., Ho, H.L., Yang, C.C. (2010). Longitudinal outcomes of patients with traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study. Brain Injury, 24, 1606-1615. [23] Rutherford, W.H. (1989). Postconcussion syndrome: relationship to acute neurological indices, individual difference, and circumstances of injury. In: H.S., Levin, H.M., Eisenberg, & A.L., Benton (Eds.), Mild head injury (pp. 217-228). New York: Oxford University Press. |
臨床心理學在頭部外傷扮演的角色
發布日期:2024/04/08
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